Research Evidence

Diet and Cancer –
Cancer Research UK

1. Doll, R. and P.J. Fau, Epidemiology of Cancer, in Oxford Textbook of Medicine. 4th ed, D.
Warrell, et al., Editors. 2003, OUP.Link

2. c Health Nutr, 2004. 7(1A): p. 187-200.PubMed

3. Department of Health, Sensible Drinking: The Report of an Interdepartmental
Working Group. 1995.Link

4. Boyle, P., et al., European Code Against Cancer and scientific
justification: third version (2003). Ann Oncol, 2003. 14(7): p. 973-1005.PubMed

5. Bagnardi, V., et al., A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and cancer risk.
Br J Cancer, 2001. 85(11): p. 1700-5.PubMed

6. Castellsague, X., et al., Independent and joint effects of tobacco smoking
and alcohol drinking on the risk of esophageal cancer in men and women. Int J
Cancer, 1999. 82(5): p. 657-64.PubMed

7. Castellsague, X., et al., The role of type of tobacco and type of alcoholic
beverage in oral carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer, 2004. 108(5): p. 741-749.PubMed

8. Hamajima, N., et al., Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative
reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515
women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer,
2002. 87(11): p. 1234-45.PubMed

9. Cho, E., et al., Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of
8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med, 2004. 140(8): p. 603-13.PubMed

10. Office for National Statistics, Drinking: Adults' behaviour and knowledge
in 2004. Link

11. Office for National Statistics, Health Survey for England:
Summary of key findings. 2003.Link

12. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy, Nutritional
Aspects of the Development of Cancer. 1998, Department of Health: London.Link

13. McCullough, M.L. and E.L. Giovannucci, Diet and cancer prevention.
Oncogene, 2004. 23(38): p. 6349-64.PubMed

14. Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Disease: Report of a joint
WHO/FAO expert consultation, in WHO Technical Report Series. 2002, World Health
Organisation/Food and Agriculture Organization: Geneva.Link

15. Miller, A.B., et al., Fruits and vegetables and lung cancer: Findings from
the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer,
2004. 108(2): p. 269-76.PubMed

16. Steinmaus, C.M., S. Nunez, and A.H. Smith, Diet and bladder cancer: a
meta-analysis of six dietary variables. Am J Epidemiol, 2000. 151(7): p.
693-702.PubMed

17. Riboli, E. and T. Norat, Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of
fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 78(3 Suppl): p.
559S-569S.PubMed

18. Office for National Statistics, The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: adults
aged 19-64 years. 2003/2004.Link

19. Larsson, C.L, and Wolk, A., Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer:
A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer, 2006. 119(11): p.
2657-64.PubMed

20. Norat, T., et al., Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk:
Dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer, 2002.
98(2): p. 241-56.PubMed

21. Wei, E.K., et al., Comparison of risk factors for colon and rectal cancer.
Int J Cancer, 2004. 108(3): p. 433-42.PubMed

22. Bingham, S.A., et al., Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in
the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an
observational study. The Lancet, 2003. 361(9368): p. 1496-1501.PubMed

23. Michels, K.B., et al., Fiber Intake and Incidence of Colorectal Cancer
among 76,947 Women and 47,279 Men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2005.
14(4): p. 842-9.PubMed

24. Bingham, S.A., et al., Is the association with fiber from foods in colorectal cancer
confounded by folate intake? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2005. 14(6): p.
1552-6.PubMed

25. Department of Health, Dietary reference values for food energy and
nutrients for the United
Kingdom. Report of the panel on dietary
reference values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. Report on
health and social subjects 41. 1991, HMSO: London.

26. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, Food, Nutrition
and the Prevention of Cancer: A global perspective. 1997, WCRF: Washington.Link

27. Higginbotham, S., et al., Dietary glycemic load and risk of colorectal
cancer in the Women's Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2004. 96(3): p. 229-33.PubMed

28. Borugian, M.J., et al., Carbohydrates and colorectal cancer risk among
Chinese in North America. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev, 2002. 11(2): p. 187-93.PubMed

29. Franceschi, S., et al., Dietary glycemic load and colorectal cancer risk.
Ann Oncol, 2001. 12(2): p. 173-8.PubMed

30. Nilsen, T.I. and L.J. Vatten, Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk
and physical activity, diabetes, blood glucose and BMI: exploring the hyperinsulinaemia
hypothesis. Br J Cancer, 2001. 84(3): p. 417-22.PubMed

31. Cho, E., et al., Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled
analysis of 10 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2004. 96(13): p. 1015-22.PubMed

32. Shin, M.H., et al., Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin d and
risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2002. 94(17): p. 1301-11.PubMed

33. Cho, E., et al., Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. J Natl
Cancer Inst, 2003. 95(14): p. 1079-85.PubMed

34. Smith-Warner, S.A., et al., Types of dietary fat and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of
cohort studies. Int J Cancer, 2001. 92(5): p. 767-74.PubMed

35. Bingham, S.A., et al., Are imprecise methods obscuring a relation between fat and breast
cancer? Lancet, 2003. 362(9379): p. 212-4.PubMed

36. Bjelakovic, G., et al., Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal
cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 2004. 364(9441): p.
1219-28.PubMed

37. Clark, L.C., et al., Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer
prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled
trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA, 1996. 276(24): p.
1957-63.PubMed

38. Combs, G.F., Jr., Status of selenium in prostate cancer prevention. Br J
Cancer, 2004. 91(2): p. 195-9.PubMed

39. Jacobs, E.T., et al., Selenium and colorectal adenoma: results of a pooled
analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2004. 96(22): p. 1669-75.PubMed

40. Mannisto, S., et al., Dietary carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in a
pooled analysis of seven cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,
2004. 13(1): p. 40-8.PubMed

41. Holick, C.N., et al., Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol
and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study. Am
J Epidemiol, 2002. 156(6): p. 536-47.PubMed

42. Khaw, K.T., et al., Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in
men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population
study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Lancet,
2001. 357(9257): p. 657-63.PubMed

43. Helzlsouer, K.J., et al., Association between alpha-tocopherol,
gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst,
2000. 92(24): p. 2018-23.PubMed

44. Weinstein, S.J., et al., Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in
relation to prostate cancer risk in a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst,
2005. 97(5): p. 396-9.PubMed

Red Meat and cancer

Excess meat – meat eating raises the cancer
risk by:

·
20%
in breast cancer,

·
30%
in ovarian cancer

·
50%
in endometrial cancer

·
60%
in bladder, pancreatic and stomach cancer,

·
70%
in rectal,

·
90%
in colon cancer

Ref: Red Meat Intake in Cancer Risk: a study in Italy, Tavani,
La Vecchia, Gallus; Lagion, Trichopoulos, Levi, Negri 1983-1986)

·
On
the other hand vegetarians are 40% less likely to die of cancer. This statistic
has been adjusted to take account of smoking, body mass index and social class

Ref: Dietary Habits and Mortality in 11,000 Vegetarians
and Health Conscious People: results of a 17 year follow up. BMJ 1996;
313:7752-9. Key, Thorogood, Appleby,
Berr)

Dairy foods and cancer

·
The
risk of ovarian and prostate cancer is increased by dairy food – particularly
milk.. Serous ovarian cancer risk is doubled in women who consumed 4 or more
servings of dairy products per day, e.g. milk, cheese and yoghurt, compared
with women with less than 2 servings per day.
Milk was the strongest link. (

Ref: Milk and Lactose Intakes and Ovarian Cancer Risk
in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition –
2004; 80 (5): 1353-1357)

·
The
risk of prostate cancer increased by 34% in those who have more than half a serving of milk per day.

Ref:
Physicians Health Study, Harvard)

References
for obesity and cancer – National Cancer Research Institute

1.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 1998. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification,
Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. NIH
Publication No. 98–4083. Bethesda,
MD.

2.
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and
trends in obesity among U.S. adults, 1999–2000. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002;
288(14):1723–1727.

3.
Odgen CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and
trends in overweight among U.S.
children and adolescents, 1999–2000. Journal
of the American Medical Association 2002; 288(14):1728–1732.

4.
Vainio H, Bianchini F. IARC
handbooks of cancer prevention. Volume 6: Weight control and physical activity.
Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2002.

5.
Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer prevention: From
observational to intervention research. Cancer
Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2001; 10(4):287–301.

6.
Kritchevsky D. Diet and cancer: What’s next? Journal of Nutrition 2003; 133(11 Suppl
1):3827S–3829S.

7.
Polednak AP. Trends in incidence rates for obesity-associated
cancers in the U.S.
Cancer Detection and Prevention
2003; 27(6):415–421.

8.
Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight,
obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. New England Journal of Medicine 2003;
348(17):1625–1638.

9.
van den Brandt PA,
Spiegelman D, Yuan SS, et al. Pooled analysis of
prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;
152(6):514–527.

10.
Trentham-Dietz A, Newcomb PA, Storer BE, et al. Body size and
risk of breast cancer. American Journal of
Epidemiology 1997; 145(11):1011–1019.

11.
Huang Z, Hankinson
SE, Cloditz GA, et al. Dual effects of weight
and weight gain on breast cancer risk. Journal
of the American Medical Association 1997; 278(17):1407–1411.

12.
Cui Y, Whiteman MK, Flaws JA, et al. Body mass and stage of
breast cancer at diagnosis. International
Journal of Cancer 2002; 98(2):279–283.

13.
Friedenreich CM. Review of anthropometric factors and breast
cancer risk. European Journal of Cancer
Prevention 2001; 10(1):15–32.

14.
Yoo KY, Tajima K, Park S, et al. Postmenopausal obesity as a
breast cancer risk factor according to estrogen and progesterone receptor
status (Japan). Cancer Letters
2001; 167(1):57–63.

15.
Tretli S. Height and weight in relation to breast cancer
morbidity and mortality. A prospective study of 570,000 women in Norway. International Journal of Cancer 1989;
44(1):23–30.

16.
Petrelli JM, Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Thun MJ. Body mass index,
height, and postmenopausal breast cancer mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. women. Cancer Causes and Control 2002;
13(4):325–332.

17.
Lahmann PH, Lissner L, Gullberg B, Olsson H, Berglund G. A
prospective study of adiposity and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: The Malmo
Diet and Cancer Study. International
Journal of Cancer 2003; 103(2):246–252.

18.
Toniolo PG, Levitz M, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, et al. A
prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal
women. Journal of the National Cancer
Institute 1995; 87(3):190–197.

19.
McTiernan A. Associations between energy balance and body mass
index and risk of breast carcinoma in women from diverse racial and ethnic
backgrounds in the U.S. Cancer
2000; 88(5 Suppl):1248–1255.

20.
Mayberry RM, Stoddard-Wright C. Breast cancer risk factors among
black women and white women: Similarities and differences. American Journal of Epidemiology 1992;
136(12):1445–1456.

21.
Adams-Campbell LL, Kim KS, Dunston G, et al. The relationship of
body mass index to reproductive factors in pre- and postmenopausal African
American women with and without breast cancer. Obesity Research 1996; 4 (5):451–456.

22.
Cui Y, Whiteman MK,
Langenberg P, et al. Can obesity explain the
racial difference in stage of breast cancer at diagnosis between black and
white women? Journal of Women’s Health and
Gender-Based Medicine 2002; 11(6):527–536.

23.
Wenten M, Gilliland
FD, Baumgartner K, Samet JM. Associations of weight,
weight change, and body mass with breast cancer risk in Hispanic and
non-Hispanic white women. Annals of
Epidemiology 2002; 12(6):435–444.

24.
Trentham-Dietz A, Newcomb PA, Egan KM, et al. Weight change and
risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 2000;
11(6):533–542.

25.
Kaaks R, Van Noord
PAH, Den Tonkelaar I, et al. Breast cancer incidence
in relation to height, weight and body-fat distribution in the Dutch “DOM”
cohort. International Journal of Cancer
1998; 76(5):647–651.

26.
Männistö S, Pietinen P, Pyy M, et al. Body-size indicators and
risk of breast cancer according to menopause and estrogen-receptor status. International Journal of Cancer 1996;
68(1):8–13.

27.
Salazar-Martínez E, Lazcano-Ponce EC, Lira-Lira GG, et al.
Case-control study of diabetes, obesity, physical activity and risk of
endometrial cancer among Mexican women. Cancer
Causes and Control 2000; 11(8):707–711.

28.
Shoff SM, Newcomb PA. Diabetes, body size, and risk of
endometrial cancer. American Journal of
Epidemiology 1998; 148(3):234–240.

29.
Weiderpass E, Persson
I, Adami HO, et al. Body size in different
periods of life, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and risk of postmenopausal
endometrial cancer (Sweden).
Cancer Causes and Control 2000;
11(2):185–192.

30.
Goodman MT, Hankin JH,
Wilkens LR, et al. Diet, body size,
physical activity, and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Research 1997; 57(22):5077–5085.

31.
Bergstrom A, Pisani PM, Tenet V, Wolk A, Adami HO. Overweight as
an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. International Journal of Cancer 2001;
91(3):421–430.

32.
Kaaks, Lukanova A, Kurzer MS. Obesity, endogenous hormones, and
endometrial cancer risk: A synthetic review. Cancer
Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2002; 11(12):1531–1543.

33.
Ford ES. Body mass index and colon cancer in a national sample
of adult U.S.
men and women. American Journal of
Epidemiology 1999; 150(4):390–398.

34.
Caan BJ, Coates AO, Slattery ML, et al. Body size and the risk
of colon cancer in a large case-control study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
1998; 22(2):178–184.

35.
Kono S, Handa K,
Kayabuchi H, et al. Obesity, weight gain
and risk of colon adenomas in Japanese men. Japanese
Journal of Cancer Research 1999; 90(8):805–811.

36.
Shike M. Body weight and colon cancer. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1996; 63(3 Suppl):442S–444S.

37.
Giacosa A, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Favero A, Andreatta R.
Energy intake, overweight, physical exercise and colorectal cancer risk. European Journal of Cancer Prevention
1999; 8 Suppl 1:S53–S60.

38.
Murphy TK, Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Kahn HS, Thun MJ. Body mass
index and colon cancer mortality in a large prospective study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;
152(9):847–854.

39.
Phillips RL, Snowdon DA.
Dietary relationships with fatal colorectal cancer among Seventh-Day
Adventists. Journal of the National Cancer
Institute 1985; 74(2):307–317.

40.
Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators.
Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women:
Principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled
trial. Journal of the American Medical
Association 2002; 288(3):321–333.

41.
Slattery ML, Ballard-Barbash R, Edwards S, Caan BG, Potter JD.
Body mass index and colon cancer: An evaluation of the modifying effects of
estrogen (United States).
Cancer Causes and Control 2003;
14(1):75–84.

42.
Martinez ME, Giovanucci E,
Speigelman D, et al. Leisure-time physical activity, body size and colon cancer
in women. Nurses’ Health Study Research Group. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1997;
89(13):948–955.

43.
McKeown-Eyssen G. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer revisited:
Are serum triglycerides and/or plasma glucose associated with risk? Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention
1994; 3(8):687–695.

44.
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA,
Willett WC. Height, body weight, and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention
1997; 6(8):557–563.

45.
Chow WH, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS, et al. Obesity and risk of
renal cell cancer. Cancer Epidemiology,
Biomarkers and Prevention 1996; 5(1):17–21.

46.
Yuan JM, Castelao JE, Gago-Domingues M, Ross RK, Yu MC.
Hypertension, obesity and their medications in relation to renal cell
carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer
1998; 77(9):1508–1513.

47.
Lindblad P, Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Personn I, Adami HO. The role
of obesity and weight fluctuations in the etiology of renal cell cancer: A
population-based case-control study. Cancer
Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 1994; 3(8):631–639.

48.
Mellemgaard A, Lindblad
P, Schlenhofer B, et al. International
renal-cell cancer study. III. Role of weight, height, physical activity, and
use of amphetamines. International Journal
of Cancer 1995; 60(3):350–354.

49.
Hu J, Mao Y, White K. Overweight and obesity in adults and risk
of renal cell carcinoma in Canada.
Sozial- und Präventivmedizin
2003; 48(3):178–185.

50.
Chow WH, Gridley G, Fraumeni JF Jr., Jarvholm B. Obesity,
hypertension, and the risk of kidney cancer in men. New England Journal of Medicine 2000; 343(18):1305–1311.

51.
Martel CL, Lara PN. Renal cell carcinoma: Current status and
future directions. Critical Reviews in
Oncology/Hematology 2003; 45(2):177–190.

52.
Bergstrom A, Hsieh
CC, Lindblad P, et al. Obesity and renal cell
cancer—A quantitative review. British Journal
of Cancer 2001; 85:984–990.

53.
Brown LM, Swanson
CA, Gridley G, et al.
Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Role of obesity and diet. Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1995; 87(2):104–109.

54.
Chow WH, Blot WJ, Vaughan TL, et al. Body mass index and risk of
adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1998; 90(2):150–155.

55.
Li SD, Mobarhan S. Association between body mass index and
adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Nutrition Reviews 2000; 58(2 Pt 1):54–56.

56.
Lagergren J, Bergström R, Nyrén O. Association between body mass
and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Annals of Internal Medicine 1999;
130(11):883–890.

57.
Ji BT, Chow WH, Yang G, et al. Body mass index and the risk of
cancers of the gastric cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China.
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and
Prevention 1997; 6(7):481–485.

58.
Bianchini F, Kaaks R, Vainio H. Overweight, obesity, and cancer
risk. The Lancet Oncology 2002;
3(9):565–574.

59.
Nomura AM. Body size and prostate cancer. Epidemiology Review 2001; 23(1):126–131.

60.
Lee IM, Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS Jr. A prospective cohort study
of physical activity and body size in relation to prostate cancer risk (United States).
Cancer Causes and Control 2001;
12(2):187–193.

61.
Cerhan JR, Torer JC,
Lynch CF, et al. Association of smoking,
body mass, and physical activity with risk of prostate cancer in the Iowa 65+
Rural Health Study (United
States). Cancer
Causes and Control 1997; 8(2):229–238.

62.
Putnam, SD, Cerhan JR, Parker AS, et al. Lifestyle and
anthropometric risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort of Iowa men. Annals of Epidemiology 2000;
10(6):361–369.

63.
Irani J, Lefebvre O, Murat F, Dahmani L, Dore B. Obesity in
relation to prostate cancer risk; comparison with a population having benign
prostatic hyperplasia. BJU International
2003; 91(6):482–484.

64.
Hsing AW, Deng J,
Sesterhenn IA, et al. Body size and prostate
cancer: A population-based case-control study in China. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2000;
9(12):1335–1341.

65.
Rodriguez C, Patel
AV, Calle EE, et al. Body mass index,
height, and prostate cancer mortality in two large cohorts of adult men in the United States. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention
2001; 10(4):345–353.

66.
Daniell HW. A better prognosis for obese men with prostate
cancer. Journal of Urology
1996; 155(1):220–225.

67.
Stattin P, Soderberg
S, Hallmans G, et al. Leptin is associated
with increased prostate cancer risk: A nested case-referent study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2001; 86(3):1341–1345.

68.
Hsing AW, Gao YT, Chua S Jr, Deng J, Stanczyk FZ. Insulin
resistance and prostate cancer risk. Journal
of the National Cancer Institute 2003; 95(1):67–71.

69.
Shaneyfelt T, Husein R, Bubley G, Mantzoros CS. Hormonal
predictors of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2000; 18(4):847–853.

70.
Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P, Zatonski WA. Epidemiology
of gallbladder cancer. Hepato-Gastroenterology
1999; 46(27):1529–1532.

71.
Moerman CJ, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB. The epidemiology of
gallbladder cancer: Lifestyle-related risk factors and limited surgical
possibilities for prevention. Hepato-Gastroenterology
1999; 46(27):1533–1539.

72.
Hartz AJ, Rupley DC, Rimm AA. The association of girth measurements
with disease in 32,856 women. American
Journal of Epidemiology 1984; 119(1):71–80.

73.
Mori M, Nishida T,
Sugiyama T, et al. Anthropometric and
other risk factors for ovarian cancer in a case-control study. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 1998;
89(3):246–253.

74.
Mink PJ, Folsom AR,
Sellers TA, Kushi LH. Physical activity,
waist-to-hip ratio, and other risk factors for ovarian cancer: A follow-up
study of older women. Epidemiology
1996; 7(1):38–45.

75.
Farrow DC, Weiss
NS, Lyon JL, Daling JR. Association
of obesity and ovarian cancer in a case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1989;
129(6):1300–1304.

76.
Greggi S, Parazzini F, Paratore MP, et al. Risk factors for
ovarian cancer in central Italy. Gynecologic
Oncology 2000; 79(1):50–54.

77.
Hartge P, Schiffman
MH, Hoover R, et al. A case-control study of
epithelial ovarian cancer. American Journal
of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1989; 161(1):10–16.

78.
Engeland A, Tretli S, Bjorge T. Height, body mass index, and
ovarian cancer: A follow-up of 1.1 million Norwegian women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute
2003; 95(16):1244–1248.

79.
Ji BT, Hatch MC, Chow WH, et al. Anthropometric and reproductive
factors and the risk of pancreatic cancer: A case-control study in Shanghai, China.
International Journal of Cancer
1996; 66(4):432–437.

80.
Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Physical activity,
obesity, height, and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001;
286(8):921–929.

81.
Silverman DT, Swanson
CA, Dridley G, et a