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Research Evidence

Diet and Exercise in Improving Cancer Survival

1. Women’s Health and Eating Study - Influence of a diet very high in vegetables, fruit, and fiber and low in fat on prognosis following treatment for breast cancer: Journal of the American Medical Association, July 18, 2007 (JAMA 2007 Jul 18;298(3):289-98) Pierce JP, Natarajan L, Caan BJ, Parker BA, Greenberg ER, Flatt SW, Rock CL, Kealey S, Al-Delaimy WK, Bardwell WA, Carlson RW, Emond JA, Faerber S, Gold EB, Hajek RA, Hollenbach K, Jones LA, Karanja N, Madlensky L, Marshall J, Newman VA, Ritenbaugh C, Thomson CA, Wasserman L, Stefanick ML. Diet and Cancer – Cancer Research UK 1. Doll, R. and P.J. Fau, Epidemiology of Cancer, in Oxford Textbook of Medicine. 4th ed, D. Warrell, et al., Editors. 2003, OUP.Link
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8. Hamajima, N., et al., Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer, 2002. 87(11): p. 1234-45.PubMed 9. Cho, E., et al., Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med, 2004. 140(8): p. 603-13.PubMed 10. Office for National Statistics, Drinking: Adults' behaviour and knowledge in 2004. Link 11. Office for National Statistics, Health Survey for England: Summary of key findings. 2003.Link 12. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy, Nutritional Aspects of the Development of Cancer. 1998, Department of Health: London.Link 13. McCullough, M.L. and E.L. Giovannucci, Diet and cancer prevention. Oncogene, 2004. 23(38): p. 6349-64.PubMed 14. Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Disease: Report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation, in WHO Technical Report Series. 2002, World Health Organisation/Food and Agriculture Organization: Geneva.Link 15. Miller, A.B., et al., Fruits and vegetables and lung cancer: Findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer, 2004. 108(2): p. 269-76.PubMed 16. Steinmaus, C.M., S. Nunez, and A.H. Smith, Diet and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of six dietary variables. Am J Epidemiol, 2000. 151(7): p. 693-702.PubMed 17. Riboli, E. and T. Norat, Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 78(3 Suppl): p. 559S-569S.PubMed 18. Office for National Statistics, The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19-64 years. 2003/2004.Link 19. Larsson, C.L, and Wolk, A., Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. 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Vatten, Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk and physical activity, diabetes, blood glucose and BMI: exploring the hyperinsulinaemia hypothesis. Br J Cancer, 2001. 84(3): p. 417-22.PubMed 31. Cho, E., et al., Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2004. 96(13): p. 1015-22.PubMed 32. Shin, M.H., et al., Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin d and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2002. 94(17): p. 1301-11.PubMed 33. Cho, E., et al., Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2003. 95(14): p. 1079-85.PubMed 34. Smith-Warner, S.A., et al., Types of dietary fat and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer, 2001. 92(5): p. 767-74.PubMed 35. Bingham, S.A., et al., Are imprecise methods obscuring a relation between fat and breast cancer? Lancet, 2003. 362(9379): p. 212-4.PubMed 36. Bjelakovic, G., et al., Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 2004. 364(9441): p. 1219-28.PubMed 37. Clark, L.C., et al., Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA, 1996. 276(24): p. 1957-63.PubMed 38. Combs, G.F., Jr., Status of selenium in prostate cancer prevention. Br J Cancer, 2004. 91(2): p. 195-9.PubMed 39. Jacobs, E.T., et al., Selenium and colorectal adenoma: results of a pooled analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2004. 96(22): p. 1669-75.PubMed 40. Mannisto, S., et al., Dietary carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in a pooled analysis of seven cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2004. 13(1): p. 40-8.PubMed 41. Holick, C.N., et al., Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study. Am J Epidemiol, 2002. 156(6): p. 536-47.PubMed 42. Khaw, K.T., et al., Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Lancet, 2001. 357(9257): p. 657-63.PubMed 43. Helzlsouer, K.J., et al., Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2000. 92(24): p. 2018-23.PubMed 44. Weinstein, S.J., et al., Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate cancer risk in a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2005. 97(5): p. 396-9.PubMed Soya Has Favourable effect on colorectal cancer RATES
29th September 2009
High intakes of soya related to a 23% lower risk of colorectal cancer according to a recent Japanese study investigating the link between the intake of soya isoflavones (naturally found in soya) and the risk of colorectal cancer. 
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the UK and also the most preventable through lifestyle and dietary changes.
The Japanese study compared lifestyle and diet habits of 721 individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer (492 men and 229 women) with 697 controls (460 men and 237 women without colorectal cancer). A self administered questionnaire was used to determine frequency of soya consumption.
Consumption of as little as 25 mg of soya isoflavones (under two servings of soya) per day was demonstrated to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer by 23%. The greatest effect was seen in women, where there was a 47% reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer. Achieving 25mg isoflavones couldn’t be simpler:
The wide range of tasty soya products makes it possible to achieve these intakes in one's daily diet at breakfast (soya drink with breakfast cereal) or as a snack in the form of soya desserts or soya alternative to yoghurts.
125g pot soya yogurt alternative + 120ml soya milk alternative OR
250ml soya milk alternative OR
110g hard tofu – stir fried OR
25g soya nuts Source: Akhter, M., et al. Dietary isoflavone and the risk of colorectal adenoma: a case-control study in Japan. British Journal of Cancer 2009;100:1812-1816

Red Meat and cancer

Excess meat – meat eating raises the cancer risk by:

· 20% in breast cancer, · 30% in ovarian cancer · 50% in endometrial cancer · 60% in bladder, pancreatic and stomach cancer, · 70% in rectal, · 90% in colon cancer Ref: Red Meat Intake in Cancer Risk: a study in Italy, Tavani, La Vecchia, Gallus; Lagion, Trichopoulos, Levi, Negri 1983-1986) · On the other hand vegetarians are 40% less likely to die of cancer. This statistic has been adjusted to take account of smoking, body mass index and social class Ref: Dietary Habits and Mortality in 11,000 Vegetarians and Health Conscious People: results of a 17 year follow up. BMJ 1996; 313:7752-9. Key, Thorogood, Appleby, Berr) Dairy foods and cancer · The risk of ovarian and prostate cancer is increased by dairy food – particularly milk.. Serous ovarian cancer risk is doubled in women who consumed 4 or more servings of dairy products per day, e.g. milk, cheese and yoghurt, compared with women with less than 2 servings per day. Milk was the strongest link. ( Ref: Milk and Lactose Intakes and Ovarian Cancer Risk in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition – 2004; 80 (5): 1353-1357) · The risk of prostate cancer increased by 34% in those who have more than half a serving of milk per day. Ref: Physicians Health Study, Harvard)

References for obesity and cancer – National Cancer Research Institute

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Smoking and Cancer

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